Best Practices for Scalable MQTT Architecture:

1. Design Stateless Clients: Ensure clients can reconnect to any broker node without session-dependent logic on a specific node.
2. Leverage Clean Session: Use Clean Session = true for ephemeral data (sensors) to avoid the overhead of persisting millions of offline sessions. Use false for critical command-and-control clients.
3. Mind Your Topics: A well-structured, hierarchical topic tree (e.g., region/plant/line/device/parameter) is crucial for efficient filtering and security.
4. Implement Security from Day One: Use TLS/SSL for transport encryption and robust authentication (client certificates, OAuth). A scaled system is a big target.
5. Monitor Everything: Track connection counts, message rates, system resources, and queue depths per node. Use the broker’s metrics and integrate with tools like Prometheus and Grafana.

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