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口腔的組成與生理功能有哪些

Posted By vickong pun     July 9, 2021    

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口腔的組成與生理功能有哪些

  口腔的組成與生理功能有哪些?口腔是由一個空腔和它的外壁聯合組成的。它占據顔面的中、下大部分。前方中央是上下唇構成的口裂,兩側爲頰部。頰部外面是皮膚,內面是黏膜,中間爲脂肪、肌肉等組織,是口腔的外壁。張開嘴唇,露出來牙齒,牙齒有上下兩排,各成一弓形,稱爲牙列或牙弓。牙列把口腔分成兩部分。牙列與唇頰之間的空隙叫口腔前庭。牙列內側到咽部是一空腔,爲固有口腔。固有口腔的頂部是腭部,其前方2/第3的黏膜下有骨板,叫硬腭;後1/第3黏膜下是肌肉,稱軟腭。口腔的組成如圖1所示。圖1章 口腔表面解剖圖固有口腔的底部是口底黏膜,其間還有一個靈活的舌,在上下牙咬住時,口腔前庭和固有口腔靠牙之間的縫隙相通。支持口腔的骨是上下颌骨,牙齒就生長在颌骨上。第3對大唾液腺即腮腺、颌下腺、舌下腺以及口腔黏膜下許多散在小唾液腺均開口于口腔。口腔颌面部的肌肉有咀嚼肌和表情肌,支配神經的爲三叉神經和面神經。營養血管是來自頸外動脈的分支。口腔的主要功能是對食物的咀嚼,初步消化,吞咽及感覺並輔助發音;口腔黏膜有冷、熱、觸、痛等感覺;牙齒中有痛覺感受器;牙周膜中有調節咀嚼運動力量和方向的觸覺感受器;舌上有味覺感受器,這些感受器對口腔正常生理功能的維持有重要意義。

                    

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